研究社

先日投稿した外国語学習法のくも本のリストを大幅に拡充した。これからも、同様の本をウェブ上で発見するときに同じページのリストに追加するので、ご参考になさってください。

１月９日に、ある学会で語彙学習について話すことになった。内容は、私が関わった『東大英単』がメインになるが、過去に語彙習得がどのように行なわれたかについても話そうと思って、 Internet Archive で外国語教授法などについての本を探してみた。後日にそこでの発見について書こうと思うが、今日はとりあえず、本のタイトルと直リンクを年代順に載せる。皆さんもどうぞ、覗いてみてください。

1571/1767. The Schole Master; Or Plaine and Perfite Way of Teaching Children, to Understand, Write, and Speak, the Latin Tongue. Roger Ascham. London. [現代スペルの別版]
1660/1912. A New Discovery of the Old Art of Teaching Schoole. Charles Hoole. London/Syracuse.
1673/1905. Milton's Tractate on Education. John Milton. Cambridge.
1684/1922. The Educational Writings of John Locke. John William Adamson (editor). Cambridge.
1709. A Short Introduction of Grammar Generally to be Used; Compiled and Set Forth for the Bringing Up of All Those that Intend to Attain to the Knowledge of the Latin Tongue. William Lily. Oxford.
1718. Grammatical Commentaries: Being an Apparatus to a New National Grammar. Richard Johnson. London.
1726/1769. The Method of Teaching and Studying the Belles Lettres. Volume 1 2 3. Charles Rollin. Translated from the French. London.
1727. A Compendious Way of Teaching Antient and Modern Languages. J. T. Philipps. London.
1729 or earlier/1856. "Advice to a Young Student. With a Method of Study for the First Four Years." In: The Works of the Rev. Daniel Waterland, D.D. Oxford.
1731. Reflections on the Nature and Property of Languages in General, And on the Advantages, Defects, and Manner of Improving the English Tongue in Particular. Thomas Stackhouse. London.
1737. An Introduction to the Classics Containing, a Short Discourse on their Excellencies; and Directions How to Study Them to Advantage. Anthony Blackwall. London.
1784. A Treatise on Education with A Sketch of the Author's Method. George Chapman. London.
1791. A New Method of Learning with Facility the Latin Tongue, Containing the Rules of Genders, Declensions, Preterites, Syntax, Quantity, and Latin Accents. Volume 1 2. Messieurs de Port Royal. Thomas Nugent (translator). London.
1808. A New Method of Learning with Facility the Greek Tongue: Containing Rules for the Declensions, Conjugations, Resolution of Verbs, Syntax, Quantity, Accents, Dialects, and Poetic Licence. Messieurs de Port Royal. Thomas Nugent (translator). London.
1812/1846. A Grammar of the French Tongue; with a Preface, Containing an Essay on the Proper Method of Teaching and Learning that Language. Lewis Chambaud. London.
1815. "On Grammar and Classical Literature." In: Essays on Practical Education. Volume 1 2. Maria & R.L. Edgeworth. London.
1821. Substance of Lectures on the Ancient Greeks and on the Revival of Greek Learning in Europe. Volume 1 (Google) 2 (Internet Archive). Andrew Dalzel. Edinburgh.
1822. Plans for the Government and Liberal Instruction of Boys, in Large Numbers; Drawn from Experience. First edition. Thomas Wright Hill. London.
1823. An Exposure of the Fallacy of the Hamiltonian System. John Hooper Hartnoll. London.
1824. A Vocabulary of the Greek Roots; Calculated to Facilitate to the Young Student the Acquisition of That Language. Richard Povah. London.
1825. Public Education: Plans for the Government and Liberal Instruction of Boys, in Large Numbers; As Practised at Hazelwood School. Second edition. Thomas Wright Hill.
1826. Remarks on the Study of Languages Preparatory to Admission into College; Addressed to Instructers of Youth. Brunswick.
1827. A Letter to the Right Honorable the Earl of Shrewsbury, on a New Method of Teaching and Learning Languages: To Which is Added a Specimen of an Introduction to the Latin Language. Arthur Clifford. Oxford.
1827. Nature Displayed in Her Mode of Teaching Language to Man. Volume 1 2. N.G. Dufief. Philadelphia.
1830. A Compendious Exposition of the Principles and Practice of Professor Jacotot's Celebrated System of Education. Joseph Payne. London.
1830. An Essay on the Cultivation of the Intellect by the Study of Dead Languages. William Sewell. London.
1830. Observations on the Study of the Latin and Greek Languages. George Long. London.
1831. The History, Principles, Practice, and Results of the Hamiltonian System. James Hamilton. London.
1831. Some Account of the Jacotot System of Universal Instruction: With a Preliminary Reference to the Systems of Lancaster, Fellenburgh, and Pestalozzi. "By a Member of the Third Department." New York.
1833. Lecture on the Best Methods of Teaching the Living Languages. George Ticknor. Boston.
1834. Lectures on Popular Education. George Combe. Boston.
1842. A General and Practical System of Teaching and Learning Languages; Applied to All Languages, Especially the French. C. Le Vert. London.
1843. A Course of Lessons in the French Language, on the Robertsonian Method; Intended for the Use of Persons Studying the Language Without a Teacher. A.H. Monteith. London.
1845. "On the Teaching of Languages." In: Foreign Quarterly Review, Volume 35, pp. 170-187. (J.S. Blackie?). London.
1847. "On the Comparative Advantages of Some Methods of Teaching Latin and Greek." In: The Classical Museum, Volume 4, pp. 388-427. London.
1850. Mezzofanti's System of Learning Languages Applied to the Study of French. J. Roemer. New York.
1853. Language as a Means of Mental Culture and International Communication; or Manual of the Teacher and the Learner of Languages. Volume 1 2. C. Marcel. London.
1853/1862?. The Whole French Language. Volume 1. T. Robertson. Paris.
1854. Suggestions for the Assistance of Officers in Learning the Languages of the Seat of War in the East. Max Müller. London.
1856. The Relative Importance of Ancient and Modern Languages Considered as Branches of General Education. No author. New York.
1858. "Grammar Schools." James Edward Carlile. In: Essays by Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland, pp. 275-327. Edinburgh.
1859. On the Study of Modern Languages in General, and of the English Language in Particular. David Asher. London.
1864. The Mastery of Languages; or, the Art of Speaking Foreign Tongues Idiomatically. Thomas Prendergast. London.
1867. Essays on a Liberal Education. F.W. Farrar (editor). London.
1868. Handbook to the Mastery Series. Thomas Prendergast. New York.
1869. Remarks on the Study of Languages, and Hints on Comparative Translation and Philological Construing. John Price. London.
1869. The Serial and Oral Method of Teaching Languages; Adapted to the French. L. Manesca. Philadelphia.
1870. The Practical Linguist; Being a System Based Entirely Upon Natural Principles of Learning to Speak, Read, and Write the German Language. David Nasmith. London.
1871. "Language and Education." William Dwight Whitney. In: The North American Review, Volume 113, pp. 343-374. Boston.
1873. The Study of Languages Brought Back to Its True Principles, or the Art of Thinking in a Foreign Languages. C. Marcel. New York.
1875. Introduction to the Teaching of Living Languages Without Grammar or Dictionary. L. Sauveur. Boston.
1875. Prendergast's Mastery System, Adapted to the Study of Japanese or English. Samuel Robbins Brown. Yokohama.
1876. German without Grammar or Dictionary: or A Guide to Learning and Teaching the German Language. According to the Pestalozzian Method of Teaching, by Object Lessons. Part I. Zur Brücke. Chicago. [also 1886 edition]
1878. The Study of Modern Languages: Thorough Method v. Natural Method; A Letter to Dr. L. Sauveur. J. Levy. Boston.
1880. How to Teach and Learn Modern Languages Successfully, Especially French, and Its Teaching at School. Francis Lichtenberger. London.
1886. Modern Languages in Education. George F. Comfort. Syracuse.
1887. On the Teaching of Modern Languages in Theory and Practice. C. Colbeck. Cambridge.
1888/1903. The Teaching of Languages in Schools. W. H. Widgery. London.
1889. Physiological Notes on Primary Education and the Study of Language. Mary Putnam Jacobi. New York.
1890. Lectures on Language and Linguistic Method in the School. S.S. Laurie. Cambridge.
1891. Modern Languages and Classics in America and Europe Since 1880: Ten Years' Progress of the New Learning. A. F. Chamberlain. Toronto.
1892. The Art of Teaching and Studying Languages. François Gouin. Howard Swan and Victor Bétis (translators). London.
1893. Methods of Teaching Modern Languages: Papers on the Value and on Methods of Modern Language Instruction. A. Marshall Elliott et al. Boston.
1897. How Best to Learn to Speak or Teach a Language: Better Because Easier—Easier for Being Quicker. Charles Baillairgé. Halifax.
1898-1904.The Modern Quarterly of Language and Literature [title later changed to The Modern Language Quarterly] Vol 1 1 (continuation) 2 3 4 5 6 7. H. Frank Heath (editor). London.
1899. The Method of Teaching Modern Languages in Germany. Mary Brebner.
1899. The Practical Study of Languages: A Guide for Teachers and Learners. Henry Sweet. New York.
1899. The Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages in Our Secondary Schools. Karl Breul. Cambridge.
1901. Report of the Committee of Twelve of the Modern Language Association of America. Calvin Thomas. Boston.
1901. The Teaching of Latin and Greek in the Secondary School. Charles E. Bennett and George P. Bristol. New York.
1902 or earlier. How to Learn a Foreign Language: A Review of the Best Methods, Including the Latest Up to Date. William Pulman. Manchester.
1903. Handbook of Irish Teaching, Founded on the Discoveries of M. Gouin. P.T. MacGinley. Dublin.
1903. The Teaching of Modern Languages in Schools and Colleges. D. T. Holmes. Paisley.
1903/1905. The Teaching of Modern Languages. Leopold Bahlsen. M. Blakemore Evans (translator). Boston.
1905 - 1919. Modern Language Teaching. Volume 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. Walter Rippmann et al (editors). London.
1905. The Teaching of Modern Languages with Special Reference to Big Towns. Cloudesley Brereton. London.
1906. Hints on Language as a Means of Mental Discipline and on the Importance of the Study of Modern Languages. R. J. Isnard. London.
1906. The Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages and the Training of Teachers. Karl Breul. Cambridge.
1907. Is Modern Language Teaching a Failure? C. H. Grandgent.
1907. The Practice of Instruction: A Manual of Method General and Special. John William Adamson (editor). London.
1909. The Teaching of Foreign Languages: Principles and Methods. F. B. Kirkman. London.
1913. English for the Non-English. Norman Fergus Black. Regina.
1913. The Teaching of Modern Languages in the United States. Charles Hart Handschin. Washington.
1914. Adamitics: An Essay on First Man's Language or the Easiest Way to Learn Foreign Languages. Anthony de Velics. Budapest.
1914. English for Foreigners. Peter Roberts and Others. Urbana.
1914. Suggestions and References for Modern Language Teachers. Thomas Edward Oliver (editor). Urbana.
1915. The Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages by the Organised Method. Hardress O'Grady. London.
1915. Via Nova, or the Application of the Direct Method to Latin and Greek. W.H.S. Jones. Cambridge.
1916. The Direct Method in Modern Languages: Contributions to Methods and Didactics in Modern Languages. Carl A. Krause. New York.
1916-1922. The Modern Language Journal. Volume 1 2 3 4 5 6. New York.
1917. The Scientific Study & Teaching of Languages. Harold E. Palmer. Yonkers-on-Hudson.
1918. English for Coming Americans. Teacher's Manual. A Rational System for Teaching English to Foreigners. Peter Roberts. New York.
1918. How to Teach English to Foreigners. Henry H. Goldberger. New York.
1919. Has the War Proved that Our Methods of Teaching Modern Languages in the Colleges are Wrong? A Symposium. E. C. Hills.
1919. Method for Teaching Modern Languages: English Part. First Book. M. D. Berlitz. New York.
1920. The Teaching and Cultivation of the French Language in England During Tudor and Stuart Times. Kathleen Lambley. Manchester.
1920. The Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages in School and University. Henry Gibson Atkins and H. L. Hutton. London.
1920 (ca.; n.d.). A Method of Teaching English to Foreigners. George Elmore Reaman. Ithaca.
1921-1922. Modern Languages: A Review of Foreign Letters, Science and the Arts. Volume II. E.A. Craddock (editor). London.
1922. The Oral Method of Teaching Languages: A Monograph on Conversational Methods Together with a Full Description and Abundant Examples of Fifty Appropriate Forms of Work. Harold E. Palmer. Cambridge.
1926. Learning to Read a Foreign Language: An Experimental Study. Michael West. London.

語尾コレクションにまた一つ追加する。まず、ウェブ上の用例から。

Off today and had a gymapalooza with the Mrs. Two hours. Wanted to swim but the lanes were full. ジムで長時間トレーニングすること

But this meal I am about to describe to you is nothing less than a complete Meatfest. A Meatapalooza if you will. 肉の多い食事

Veggiepalooza has ended early (a month is sooo long!), but really because it became near impossible on the road. I had a really hard time finding beans/soy when I needed them, so I resorted to chicken or turkey a few times to get my protein....and dang it sure tasted good. 一時的にベジタリアンで過ごすこと

ALSC's Bookapalooza Program will offer select libraries a collection of materials that will help transform their collection and provide the opportunity for these materials to be used in their community in creative and innovative ways. 本の祭り

"WordaPalooza" is a Calgary Arts Academy event that celebrates Family Literacy Day and promotes writing as one of the five fine arts. 言葉（ここでは作文教育）の祭典

季節の用例もあった。

Xmas is a real light-o-palooza for me. イルミネーション

この語尾は Kenkyusha Online Dictionary に [EV]（追加語）としてすでに載っている。

palooza
    ━n 大会, 祭り, パーティ, 《愛好者などの》集い《しばしば接尾辞として》.
    ･pet-a-palooza 《ペットコンテストなどを行う》ペットの祭典.
    [< LOLLAPALOOZA; 元来は 1990 年代に始まった米国のロックフェスティバル Lollapalooza のもじり]

生きている語尾の存在にまた気が付いた。今回は -itude だ。もちろん、この語尾を備えて定着している言葉が既に多数ある。例えば、

decrepitude n. 老いぼれ(の状態), 老衰, もうろく; 老朽.
exactitude n. 正確[精確]さ, 精密度, 厳正, きちょうめんさ (preciseness).
incertitude n. 不確実, 不確か, 不定; 疑惑, 疑念; 不安定, 不定.
solitude n. 1 独居, 孤独 (solitariness). 2 《詩》 寂しい[人里離れた]場所, 幽所 (seclusion).

（訳は『新英和大辞典』から）

でも最近は -itude が新しい言葉を造るのにもよく使われている。私がこの語尾の生存に気が付いたのは、次の文を読んだときだった。

However, according to coworkers, Seversen's recent admission that he's an asshole takes him to a whole new level of assholitude.

これは、2004年にユーモア雑誌 The Onion にあった、"Asshole Admits To Being Asshole In Supreme Asshole Move" という記事からの抜粋。

比喩的な意味での asshole にはいろいろなニュアンスがあるが、ここでは「いやな奴」（ルミナス英和辞典）や「むかつくやつ」（リーダーズ英和辞典）の訳がぴったり。-itude の意味は「〜の性質」なので、 assholitude は「いやな奴であること」のような意味になる。-itudeで終わる言葉は通例文語的で硬いものが多いので、下品な asshole と組み合わせると新語そのものがユーモラスになる。

ウェブで他の例を探してみたら、多数あった。

The hotel is well-located in the centre of Krk Town but has been allowed to fall into major drabitude.　 drab（さえない）から

also we are hiring for a pt ceo! please come in to the store to drop off your resume and bring your fabitude! 　fab（すばらしい）から

What is femitude? It's as fleeting as a butterfly, and as concrete as a corset. Every femme dyke's definition differs. 　fem（女性らしい）から

I grabbed Holly's arm as the vision of hunkitude walked toward us, and she grabbed mine. 　hunk（マッチョ）から

While we encourage displaying one's punkitude starting at an early age, we DON'T know how we feel about Gwen and Gavin bleaching 3-year-old Kingston's locks. 　punk（パンクファッション調）から

Because this news is good news to me, and while I bad news is around to be had, this news has increased my happitude by several degrees. 　happy から

To understanding the hidden meaning of Japan you have to peel away the layers of business suits and Diahatsu [sic] Charades to reveal the hidden core of Japanitude, constructed from 100% Karaoke. 　もちろん Japan から

As the two people who occasionally check my stupid languishing blog know I have been hit with a dazzling amount of lazitude of late. 　lazy から

Long before I got there these two aging chumps (one of each sex, probably) were muttering between themselves, commenting no doubt on the NewYorkiTude  of my team-mates or something. 　New York から

これで「ことばのくも」の語尾コレクションは次のようになる。

-dar
-holic
-ista
-itude
-licious
-osity
-rati
-space
-tard

先日の読者投稿に対して、別な読者から次のような便りをいただいた。どうもありがとう！　他の方からのコメントも歓迎する。

『ハムレット』の独白に関する投稿を面白く読みました。

この独白についてはこれまでもさまざまな議論があり（たとえば大修館書店のシェイクスピア双書『ハムレット』ではこの部分に長大な注がついていて、これまでの主な論点が紹介されています）論争が尽きることはないのではないかと思いますが、個人的にはやはり to be を to suffer、not to be を to take arms と対応させる読みが自然ではないかと感じています。not to be を「この世から消えてしまう」（＝自殺）と考えるのではなく、死んでもかまわないと覚悟して行動に出ることと解釈することにそれほど無理があるとは思えません。ハムレット自身にもともと「消えてしまいたい」という自殺願望があるようで（たとえば第１独白では宗教的な禁忌さえなければ…と漏らしています）、この独白の後半でも論点がどんどんずれていく（死ぬとは眠ること、眠れば夢を見る、云々）ので話がややこしくなっているのだと思いますが、少なくとも独白の冒頭部分では「自殺するかしないか」の話ではないように思えます。

これまでの日本語訳でも「このままでいいのか、いけないのか」「やる、やらぬ」など、生死よりも行動するかしないかという問題に焦点を当てたものも多く見られます。もっとも、行動するかしないかが生死に関わる問題であることも確かなので、この両方を盛り込まなければならないというところに翻訳者のジレンマがあるのではないかと勝手に推測しています。

また、シェイクスピアの作品をいろいろと読んでいると、自殺（あるいは死を覚悟で行動すること、いわば間接的な自殺？）に対するイメージ自体が現代とシェイクスピアの時代では違うのではないかという気もしてきます。現代人は自殺を弱さや病に由来する消極的でネガティブな行動ととらえることが多く、またキリスト教でも自殺は大罪とされていますが（だからこそハムレットは第１独白で悩んでいるのだと思いますが）、時代や国によっては自殺を必ずしも「悪」や「弱さ」としない価値観もあります。たとえば日本の武士道もそうですし、ルネサンスにも影響を与えた古代ギリシャ・ローマの哲学（特にストア派など）においても、自分の信念を貫くため積極的に命を捨てることは必ずしも間違った（あるいは「弱い」）選択肢ではなかったようです。シェイクスピアの時代にも様々な価値観があったからこそ、ハムレットはあんなに悩んでいるのではないかと個人的には思えます。

文法に関するコメントでなく、的外れでしたら申し訳ありません。